/* ==========================================================================
   RESEARCHIUM — SCHOLARLY ARTICLE EDITORIAL DESIGN SYSTEM
   Standard: Nature / Springer Nature / Oxford Academic Publication Grade
   Prefix: .rs-article-*
   ========================================================================== */

:root {
	--rs-art-canvas: #ffffff;
	--rs-art-surface: #f8fafc;
	--rs-art-surface-alt: #f1f5f9;
	--rs-art-border: #e2e8f0;
	--rs-art-border-subtle: #edf2f7;
	--rs-art-ink-primary: #0f172a;
	--rs-art-ink-secondary: #334155;
	--rs-art-ink-muted: #64748b;
	--rs-art-ink-faint: #94a3b8;
	--rs-art-brand: #0f2b4d;
	--rs-art-brand-hover: #0a1e36;
	--rs-art-accent: #0284c7;
	--rs-art-serif: "Playfair Display", Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;
	--rs-art-sans: "Inter", -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, sans-serif;
	--rs-art-mono: ui-monospace, SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, monospace;
	--rs-art-measure: 72ch;
}

/* 1. Global Page Scaffold */
.rs-article-page {
	background-color: var(--rs-art-canvas);
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
	font-family: var(--rs-art-sans);
	font-size: 17px;
	line-height: 1.8;
	-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased;
	-moz-osx-font-smoothing: grayscale;
}

.rs-article-wrapper {
	max-width: 1380px;
	margin: 0 auto;
	padding: 32px 24px 80px 24px;
}

/* Text Selection Styling */
.rs-article-page ::selection {
	background-color: #dbeafe;
	color: #1e3a8a;
}

/* 2. Breadcrumb Navigation */
.rs-article-breadcrumb {
	display: flex;
	align-items: center;
	flex-wrap: wrap;
	gap: 8px;
	font-size: 13px;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-muted);
	margin-bottom: 24px;
	letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

.rs-article-breadcrumb a {
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-muted);
	text-decoration: none;
	transition: color 0.15s ease;
}

.rs-article-breadcrumb a:hover {
	color: var(--rs-art-brand);
	text-decoration: underline;
}

.rs-article-breadcrumb-sep {
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-faint);
	font-size: 11px;
}

/* 3. Article Header & Editorial Masthead */
.rs-article-masthead {
	border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border);
	padding-bottom: 32px;
	margin-bottom: 40px;
}

.rs-article-journal-badge {
	display: inline-flex;
	align-items: center;
	gap: 8px;
	font-size: 12px;
	font-weight: 700;
	text-transform: uppercase;
	letter-spacing: 0.08em;
	color: var(--rs-art-brand);
	margin-bottom: 16px;
}

.rs-article-journal-badge a {
	color: var(--rs-art-brand);
	text-decoration: none;
	border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;
	transition: border-color 0.15s ease;
}

.rs-article-journal-badge a:hover {
	border-color: var(--rs-art-brand);
}

.rs-article-oa-pill {
	display: inline-flex;
	align-items: center;
	gap: 5px;
	background-color: var(--rs-art-surface);
	color: var(--rs-art-brand);
	border: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border);
	padding: 3px 8px;
	border-radius: 3px;
	font-size: 11px;
	font-weight: 600;
	letter-spacing: 0.03em;
	text-transform: uppercase;
}

.rs-article-meta-online-first {
	display: inline-block;
	color: var(--rs-art-brand);
	font-weight: 600;
}

.rs-article-type-label {
	font-size: 12px;
	font-weight: 700;
	text-transform: uppercase;
	letter-spacing: 0.06em;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-muted);
	margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.rs-article-title {
	font-family: var(--rs-art-serif);
	font-size: clamp(28px, 3.5vw, 42px);
	font-weight: 700;
	line-height: 1.25;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
	margin: 0 0 20px 0;
	letter-spacing: -0.02em;
	max-width: 1040px;
}

/* Authors List */
.rs-article-authors-block {
	font-size: 16px;
	line-height: 1.6;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
	margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.rs-article-author-name {
	font-weight: 600;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
}

.rs-article-author-sup {
	font-size: 11px;
	font-weight: 700;
	color: var(--rs-art-brand);
	margin-left: 2px;
	margin-right: 4px;
}

/* Affiliations */
.rs-article-affiliations-list {
	font-size: 13.5px;
	line-height: 1.6;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-secondary);
	margin-bottom: 24px;
	padding-left: 14px;
	border-left: 2px solid var(--rs-art-border);
}

.rs-article-affiliation-item {
	margin-bottom: 4px;
}

.rs-article-affiliation-num {
	font-weight: 700;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-muted);
	margin-right: 4px;
}

/* Metadata Bar & Actions Row */
.rs-article-meta-bar {
	display: flex;
	justify-content: space-between;
	align-items: flex-end;
	flex-wrap: wrap;
	gap: 20px;
	padding-top: 20px;
	border-top: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border-subtle);
}

.rs-article-pub-details {
	font-size: 13px;
	line-height: 1.7;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-muted);
}

.rs-article-pub-details strong {
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-secondary);
	font-weight: 600;
}

.rs-article-pub-details a {
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
	text-decoration: underline;
	text-underline-offset: 3px;
	text-decoration-color: #cbd5e1;
	transition: text-decoration-color 0.15s ease;
}

.rs-article-pub-details a:hover {
	text-decoration-color: var(--rs-art-brand);
}

.rs-article-meta-dot {
	display: inline-block;
	margin: 0 6px;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-faint);
}

/* Primary Action Buttons */
.rs-article-actions-toolbar {
	display: flex;
	align-items: center;
	gap: 10px;
	flex-wrap: wrap;
}

.rs-article-btn-pdf {
	display: inline-flex;
	align-items: center;
	gap: 8px;
	background-color: var(--rs-art-brand);
	color: #ffffff !important;
	text-decoration: none !important;
	font-size: 13px;
	font-weight: 600;
	padding: 10px 20px;
	border-radius: 4px;
	letter-spacing: 0.02em;
	transition: background-color 0.15s ease, transform 0.1s ease;
}

.rs-article-btn-pdf:hover {
	background-color: var(--rs-art-brand-hover);
}

.rs-article-btn-pdf:active {
	transform: scale(0.99);
}

.rs-article-btn-ghost {
	display: inline-flex;
	align-items: center;
	gap: 6px;
	background-color: transparent;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary) !important;
	border: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border);
	text-decoration: none !important;
	font-size: 13px;
	font-weight: 600;
	padding: 9px 16px;
	border-radius: 4px;
	transition: border-color 0.15s ease, background-color 0.15s ease;
}

.rs-article-btn-ghost:hover {
	border-color: var(--rs-art-ink-muted);
	background-color: var(--rs-art-surface);
}

/* 4. Three-Column Editorial Grid */
.rs-article-grid {
	display: grid;
	grid-template-columns: 240px minmax(0, var(--rs-art-measure)) 300px;
	gap: 48px;
	align-items: start;
	justify-content: center;
}

/* 5. Left Column: Table of Contents */
.rs-article-toc-column {
	position: -webkit-sticky;
	position: sticky;
	top: 90px;
	max-height: calc(100vh - 120px);
	overflow-y: auto;
}

.rs-article-toc-nav {
	padding: 0 16px 0 0;
	border-right: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border);
}

.rs-article-toc-heading {
	font-size: 11px;
	font-weight: 700;
	text-transform: uppercase;
	letter-spacing: 0.1em;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-muted);
	margin: 0 0 16px 0;
}

.rs-article-toc-list {
	list-style: none;
	padding: 0;
	margin: 0;
}

.rs-article-toc-item {
	margin-bottom: 4px;
}

.rs-article-toc-link {
	display: block;
	font-size: 13.5px;
	line-height: 1.45;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-muted);
	text-decoration: none;
	padding: 6px 0 6px 10px;
	border-left: 2px solid transparent;
	transition: all 0.15s ease;
}

.rs-article-toc-link:hover {
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
	border-left-color: #cbd5e1;
}

.rs-article-toc-link.active {
	color: var(--rs-art-brand);
	font-weight: 600;
	border-left-color: var(--rs-art-brand);
}

/* 6. Center Column: Narrative Content Stream */
.rs-article-stream {
	max-width: var(--rs-art-measure);
	font-size: 17px;
	line-height: 1.85;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-secondary);
}

/* Abstract Callout */
.rs-article-abstract-section {
	margin-bottom: 40px;
	padding-bottom: 32px;
	border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border);
	scroll-margin-top: 100px;
}

.rs-article-abstract-title {
	font-family: var(--rs-art-serif);
	font-size: 20px;
	font-weight: 700;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
	margin: 0 0 16px 0;
	letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

.rs-article-abstract-text {
	font-size: 17px;
	line-height: 1.8;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
	margin: 0;
	font-style: normal;
}

/* Keywords */
.rs-article-keywords-row {
	display: flex;
	flex-wrap: wrap;
	align-items: baseline;
	gap: 8px;
	margin-top: 20px;
}

.rs-article-keywords-label {
	font-size: 12.5px;
	font-weight: 700;
	text-transform: uppercase;
	letter-spacing: 0.05em;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-muted);
}

.rs-article-keyword-chip {
	display: inline-block;
	font-size: 13px;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-secondary);
	background: var(--rs-art-surface);
	border: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border);
	padding: 3px 10px;
	border-radius: 3px;
	text-decoration: none;
	transition: background-color 0.15s ease, border-color 0.15s ease;
}

.rs-article-keyword-chip:hover {
	background-color: var(--rs-art-surface-alt);
	border-color: #94a3b8;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
	text-decoration: none;
}

/* Section Headings */
.rs-article-stream h2 {
	font-family: var(--rs-art-serif);
	font-size: 23px;
	font-weight: 700;
	line-height: 1.35;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
	margin: 48px 0 16px 0;
	padding-bottom: 10px;
	border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border-subtle);
	scroll-margin-top: 100px;
	letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

.rs-article-stream h3 {
	font-family: var(--rs-art-serif);
	font-size: 19px;
	font-weight: 700;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
	margin: 32px 0 12px 0;
	letter-spacing: -0.01em;
}

.rs-article-stream p {
	margin: 0 0 24px 0;
}

.rs-article-stream ul,
.rs-article-stream ol {
	margin: 0 0 24px 0;
	padding-left: 28px;
}

.rs-article-stream li {
	margin-bottom: 8px;
}

.rs-article-stream blockquote {
	margin: 28px 0;
	padding: 12px 20px;
	border-left: 3px solid var(--rs-art-brand);
	background-color: var(--rs-art-surface);
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-secondary);
	font-style: italic;
}

/* Declarations */
.rs-article-declarations-section {
	margin-top: 48px;
	padding-top: 32px;
	border-top: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border);
}

.rs-article-declarations-section h2 {
	margin-top: 0;
}

.rs-article-declaration-item {
	margin-bottom: 16px;
	font-size: 15px;
	line-height: 1.7;
}

.rs-article-declaration-item strong {
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
}

/* References Section */
.rs-article-references-section {
	margin-top: 48px;
	padding-top: 32px;
	border-top: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border);
	scroll-margin-top: 100px;
}

.rs-article-references-list {
	list-style: none;
	padding: 0;
	margin: 0;
	font-size: 14.5px;
	line-height: 1.65;
}

.rs-article-reference-entry {
	display: flex;
	gap: 12px;
	margin-bottom: 18px;
	padding-bottom: 18px;
	border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border-subtle);
}

.rs-article-reference-entry:last-child {
	border-bottom: none;
}

.rs-article-ref-index {
	font-weight: 700;
	color: var(--rs-art-brand);
	font-size: 13.5px;
	min-width: 22px;
}

.rs-article-ref-content {
	flex: 1;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-secondary);
}

.rs-article-ref-content em {
	font-style: italic;
}

.rs-article-ref-doi {
	display: inline-block;
	margin-top: 4px;
	color: var(--rs-art-accent);
	font-size: 13px;
	text-decoration: underline;
	text-underline-offset: 2px;
	word-break: break-all;
}

.rs-article-ref-doi:hover {
	color: var(--rs-art-brand);
}

/* 7. Right Column: Utility & Citation Console */
.rs-article-tools-column {
	position: -webkit-sticky;
	position: sticky;
	top: 90px;
	display: flex;
	flex-direction: column;
	gap: 28px;
}

.rs-article-card-subtle {
	border: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border);
	border-radius: 4px;
	padding: 20px;
	background-color: var(--rs-art-canvas);
}

.rs-article-tool-heading {
	font-size: 12px;
	font-weight: 700;
	text-transform: uppercase;
	letter-spacing: 0.08em;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-muted);
	margin: 0 0 14px 0;
	padding-bottom: 8px;
	border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border-subtle);
}

/* Citation Export Console */
.rs-article-cite-tab-nav {
	display: flex;
	gap: 2px;
	border-bottom: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border);
	margin-bottom: 12px;
}

.rs-article-cite-tab-btn {
	background: none;
	border: none;
	font-family: var(--rs-art-sans);
	font-size: 12px;
	font-weight: 600;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-muted);
	padding: 6px 10px;
	cursor: pointer;
	border-bottom: 2px solid transparent;
	transition: all 0.15s ease;
}

.rs-article-cite-tab-btn:hover {
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
}

.rs-article-cite-tab-btn.active {
	color: var(--rs-art-brand);
	border-bottom-color: var(--rs-art-brand);
}

.rs-article-cite-content-pane {
	display: none;
	font-size: 12.5px;
	line-height: 1.6;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
	background-color: var(--rs-art-surface);
	padding: 12px;
	border: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border);
	border-radius: 3px;
	margin-bottom: 12px;
	max-height: 140px;
	overflow-y: auto;
	word-break: break-word;
}

.rs-article-cite-content-pane.active {
	display: block;
}

.rs-article-cite-content-pane--code {
	font-family: var(--rs-art-mono);
	white-space: pre-wrap;
	font-size: 11.5px;
}

.rs-article-btn-copy-cite {
	width: 100%;
	display: inline-flex;
	align-items: center;
	justify-content: center;
	gap: 6px;
	background-color: var(--rs-art-surface);
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
	border: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border);
	padding: 8px 12px;
	border-radius: 4px;
	font-size: 12.5px;
	font-weight: 600;
	cursor: pointer;
	transition: all 0.15s ease;
}

.rs-article-btn-copy-cite:hover {
	background-color: var(--rs-art-surface-alt);
	border-color: #94a3b8;
}

/* Journal Information Box */
.rs-article-journal-meta-card h4 {
	font-family: var(--rs-art-serif);
	font-size: 15px;
	font-weight: 700;
	margin: 0 0 6px 0;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
}

.rs-article-journal-meta-card p {
	font-size: 12.5px;
	line-height: 1.5;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-muted);
	margin: 0 0 10px 0;
}

.rs-article-journal-indexing-tag {
	font-size: 11.5px;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-muted);
	padding-top: 8px;
	border-top: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border-subtle);
}

/* Submit CTA Card */
.rs-article-submit-card {
	background-color: var(--rs-art-surface);
	border: 1px solid var(--rs-art-border);
	border-radius: 4px;
	padding: 18px;
	text-align: center;
}

.rs-article-submit-card h4 {
	font-family: var(--rs-art-serif);
	font-size: 15px;
	font-weight: 700;
	margin: 0 0 6px 0;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-primary);
}

.rs-article-submit-card p {
	font-size: 12px;
	color: var(--rs-art-ink-muted);
	margin: 0 0 12px 0;
	line-height: 1.45;
}

.rs-article-submit-card .rs-article-btn-submit-cta {
	display: inline-block;
	background-color: var(--rs-art-brand);
	color: #ffffff !important;
	text-decoration: none !important;
	font-size: 11.5px;
	font-weight: 600;
	text-transform: uppercase;
	letter-spacing: 0.05em;
	padding: 8px 16px;
	border-radius: 3px;
	transition: background-color 0.15s ease;
}

.rs-article-submit-card .rs-article-btn-submit-cta:hover {
	background-color: var(--rs-art-brand-hover);
}

/* 8. Responsive Breakpoints & Adaptability */

/* Tablet (1024px to 1279px): Collapse Table of Contents to Top, 2 Columns */
@media (max-width: 1279px) {
	.rs-article-grid {
		grid-template-columns: minmax(0, var(--rs-art-measure)) 280px;
		gap: 36px;
	}

	.rs-article-toc-column {
		display: none; /* Collapsed on intermediate tablet for optimal reading focus */
	}
}

/* Small Tablet & Mobile (< 1024px): Single Editorial Column */
@media (max-width: 1023px) {
	.rs-article-grid {
		grid-template-columns: 1fr;
		gap: 40px;
	}

	.rs-article-tools-column {
		position: static;
		margin-top: 20px;
	}

	.rs-article-meta-bar {
		flex-direction: column;
		align-items: flex-start;
	}
}

/* Mobile Screen Tuning (< 768px) */
@media (max-width: 767px) {
	.rs-article-wrapper {
		padding: 20px 16px 60px 16px;
	}

	.rs-article-title {
		font-size: 26px;
		line-height: 1.3;
	}

	.rs-article-stream {
		font-size: 16px;
		line-height: 1.75;
	}

	.rs-article-actions-toolbar {
		width: 100%;
	}

	.rs-article-btn-pdf,
	.rs-article-btn-ghost {
		flex: 1;
		justify-content: center;
		text-align: center;
	}
}